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Tunnel diodes: Difference between revisions
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Tunnel diodes are used in various circuits in | '''Tunnel diodes (Esaki diodes)''' are used in various circuits in Tektronix gear made from the early 1960s until the 1980s. | ||
== Applications == | == Applications == | ||
Tunnel diodes were used where it was | Tunnel diodes were used where it was desirable to have fast and clean switching between two states. | ||
desirable to have fast and clean switching between two states. | |||
They were used in | They were used in | ||
* trigger circuits as Schmitt triggers, | * trigger circuits as Schmitt triggers, | ||
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== Relevant Distinguishing Parameters == | == Relevant Distinguishing Parameters == | ||
Many different types of tunnel diodes were made. The primary parameter that describes one is the peak current, which is the current at the top of the hill in the I-V curve. The other two relevant electrical parameters are the capacitance of the diode and whether it is made of GaAs or Ge. In some circuits, | Many different types of tunnel diodes were made. The primary parameter that describes one is the peak current, which is the current at the top of the hill in the I-V curve. The other two relevant electrical parameters are the capacitance of the diode and whether it is made of GaAs or Ge. In some circuits, another model of tunnel diode can be substituted with only minor modifications to the surrounding circuit. [[Stan Griffiths]] describes such a modification here: | ||
another model of tunnel diode can be substituted with only minor modifications to the surrounding circuit. [[Stan Griffiths]] describes such a modification here: | |||
* | * [[Tunnel Diode Replacement and Modification]] | ||
== Emulation using Common Parts == | == Emulation using Common Parts == | ||
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(Alternatively and equivalently, it can be modeled as nonlinear resistance. However, the nonlinear VCCS model might be preferable because it avoids | (Alternatively and equivalently, it can be modeled as nonlinear resistance. However, the nonlinear VCCS model might be preferable because it avoids | ||
the confusing notion of negative resistance.) | the confusing notion of negative resistance.) | ||
Consider a tunnel diode biased by a DC current source that is slowly brought up from zero to a current just a few microamperes less than the diode's peak current. | Consider a tunnel diode biased by a DC current source that is slowly brought up from zero to a current just a few microamperes less than the diode's peak current. | ||
The quiescent voltage will be just less than the peak voltage. | The quiescent voltage will be just less than the peak voltage. | ||
Note that the I-V curve is nearly horizontal at this point, and therefore the incremental resistance of the diode is very high at this point. | Note that the I-V curve is nearly horizontal at this point, and therefore the incremental resistance of the diode is very high at this point. | ||
For simplicity, we can assume that the incremental resistance is infinite at this quiescent point. | For simplicity, we can assume that the incremental resistance is infinite at this quiescent point. | ||
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== Tunnel Diodes Used in Tektronix Instruments == | == Tunnel Diodes Used in Tektronix Instruments == | ||
<div style="column-count:6;-moz-column-count:6;-webkit-column-count:6"> | <div style="column-count:6;-moz-column-count:6;-webkit-column-count:6"> | ||
* [[STD615]] (152-01-02-00) - Ge, 10 mA, 28 pF | |||
* [[TD1081]] (152-0099-00) - Ge, 50 mA, 6 pF | * [[TD1081]] (152-0099-00) - Ge, 50 mA, 6 pF | ||
* [[TD253]] (152-0154-00) - Ge, 10 mA, 9 pF | * [[TD253]] (152-0154-00) - Ge, 10 mA, 9 pF | ||
| Line 88: | Line 89: | ||
* [[152-0383-00]] - 50 mA, t<sub>r</sub> 31 ps | * [[152-0383-00]] - 50 mA, t<sub>r</sub> 31 ps | ||
* [[152-0386-00]] - Ge(?), 10 mA, 25 pF | * [[152-0386-00]] - Ge(?), 10 mA, 25 pF | ||
* [[152-0402-00]] - 2.2 mA 25 pF | |||
* [[152-0489-00]] - Ge(?), 21 mA, 1.5 pF | * [[152-0489-00]] - Ge(?), 21 mA, 1.5 pF | ||
* [[153-0040-00]] - 50 mA low-capacitance | * [[153-0040-00]] - 50 mA low-capacitance | ||
* [[153-0400-00]] - 50 mA low-capacitance | * [[153-0400-00]] - 50 mA low-capacitance | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
== Reading == | == Reading == | ||
===Textbooks and references=== | ===Textbooks and references=== | ||
* Wikipedia: [ | * Wikipedia: [[wikipedia:Tunnel diode|Tunnel Diode]] / [[wikipedia:Backward diode|Backward Diode]] | ||
* | * [[Media:Millman taub chapters 12 and 13.pdf|Millman and Taub Pulse, Digital and Switching Waveforms Chapters 12 and 13]] | ||
* | * [[Media:Gentile-TunnelDiodes.pdf|Sylvester P. Gentile: Basic Theory and Application of Tunnel Diodes (1962)]] | ||
* Tunnel diode switching circuits and the back diode. Service Scope [[Media:Service Scope 38 Jun 1966.pdf | No. 38, June 1966]] and [[Media:Service Scope 39 Aug 1966.pdf | No. 39, August 1966]] | * Tunnel diode switching circuits and the back diode. Service Scope [[Media:Service Scope 38 Jun 1966.pdf | No. 38, June 1966]] and [[Media:Service Scope 39 Aug 1966.pdf | No. 39, August 1966]] | ||
* [ | * [https://w140.com/GenRad_Experimenter_July-Aug_1960.pdf Article by General Radio on Tunnel Diode Measurements] | ||
* [ | * [https://www.tpub.com/neets/book7/26a.htm tpub.com: The Tunnel Diode] | ||
* [ | * [https://w140.com/aec-nasa_april69_tunnel_diodes.pdf AEC - NASA Tech Brief 69-10116 (1969): Simple Tunnel Diode Circuit for Accurate Zero Crossing Timing] | ||
* [ | * [https://w140.com/Nucl_Instrum_Methods_TD_Induct_effects_1968.pdf Nuclear Instruments and Methods 66 (1968): Inductance Effects on Capacitive Loading of a Tunnel Diode] | ||
* [ | * [https://w140.com/andrews_directional-coupler_td_trig.pdf Andrews "Directional-Coupler Technique for Triggering a Tunnel Diode"] | ||
* [ | * [https://w140.com/andrews_nahman_flat_pulse_gen.pdf Andrews and Nahman "Reference Waveform Flat Pulse Generator"] | ||
* [ | * [https://w140.com/andrews_improved_td_pulse_bias.pdf Andrews "Improved Bias Supply for Tunnel-Diode Picosecond Pulse Generators"] | ||
* [ | * [https://w140.com/nasa_paull_tunnel_diode_logic.pdf NASA Technical Note: Paull, Cancro, and Garrahan, "Low Power Nanosecond Pulse and Logic Circuits Using Tunnel Diodes"] | ||
* [[Media:Diode-Circuits-Handbook-Rufus-Turner.pdf|Rufus P. Turner, "Diode Circuits Handbook"]] | |||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20211016024914/https://www.americanmicrosemi.com/tutorial/tunnel-diode-and-back-diode/ American Micro Semiconductor: Tunnel Diode and Back Diode] (archived webpage) | |||
* [[Media:L'Archeveque-RV-1965-PhD-Thesis.pdf]] | |||
{{Documents|Link=Tunnel diodes}} | |||
===Cross-reference=== | ===Cross-reference=== | ||
* [ | * [[Media:Tektronix_Tunnel_Diodes_Cross_Reference.pdf|Tektronix diode cross reference - Tunnel, Back, Four-layer, Varicap, Snap-off, Suppressor, PIN]] | ||
* [ | * [https://w140.com/tunnel_diodes_table_cs.html Craig Sawyers' 1N tunnel diode summary table] | ||
* [[Russian tunnel diodes]] | * [[Russian tunnel diodes]] | ||
* See also [[:Category:Tunnel diodes]] / [[:Category:Back diodes]] | * See also [[:Category:Tunnel diodes]] / [[:Category:Back diodes]] | ||
===General Electric=== | ===General Electric=== | ||
* [ | * [https://w140.com/GE_Tunnel_Diode_Manual.pdf General Electric Tunnel Diode Manual, 1st ed. 1961] | ||
* [ | * [https://w140.com/Ge1961TunnelDiodeManual.pdf General Electric Tunnel Diode Manual (1961)] | ||
* General Electric Transistor Manual (1964) | * General Electric Transistor Manual (1964) | ||
** [ | ** [https://w140.com/ge_transistor_manual_1964-ch14_td.pdf Chapter 14: Tunnel Diode Circuits] | ||
** [ | ** [https://w140.com/ge_transistor_manual_1964-tunnel-diode_specs.pdf Chapter 19: Tunnel Diode Specifications] | ||
* [ | <!-- MISSING * [https://w140.com/kurt/ge_tunnel_diodes_71.pdf General Electric Tunnel Diode Specifications (1971)] --> | ||
* [ | * [https://w140.com/td262a.pdf GE TD26x/TD27x Datasheet] | ||
* [ | * [[Media:General Electric semiconductors 1966 HRFE.pdf|General Electric Tunnel Diodes in 1966 Transistor Catalog]] (OCR) | ||
* [[Media:GE Research Information Services Tunnel Diodes.pdf|1959 General Electric Research Information Services Report on Tunnel Diodes]] | |||
* [[Media:Ge 1n3712-1n3721.pdf|General Electric 1N3712 to 1N3721 Data]] | |||
===RCA=== | ===RCA=== | ||
* [ | * [[Media:RCA 1963 Tunnel Diode Manual.pdf | RCA 1963 Tunnel Diode Manual]] (OCR) | ||
===Other Manufacturers=== | ===Other Manufacturers=== | ||
* [ | <!-- MISSING * [https://w140.com/kurt/gpd_tunnel_datasheet.pdf Germanium Power Devices Corp. Tunnel Diode Specifications, 6/1985] (1N3712–20, 1N3713–21) --> | ||
* [[Media:1n3271 to 1n4399b.pdf|1N3271 to 1N4399B Specs (PDF)]] | |||
* [[Media:Tunnel diodes in 1961 D.A.T.A. book.pdf|Tunnel Diodes Section of 1961 D.A.T.A. book]] (full book: https://archive.org/details/DATASemiconductorDiodeRectifierCharacteristicsTabulation1961VolVII) | |||
==Images== | ==Images== | ||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
Tek 575 tunnel diode.jpg | Tek 575 tunnel diode.jpg | Testing a tunnel diode on a [[575]] | ||
7D20_Tunnel_Diode.jpg | 7D20_Tunnel_Diode.jpg | Testing a tunnel diode with an audio oscillator and a [[7D20]] in X-Y mode | ||
Tunnel diode quick check.jpg | Tunnel diode quick check method, from [[Media:Service Scope 49 Apr 1968.pdf | Service Scope 49, April 1968]] | Tunnel diode quick check.jpg | Tunnel diode quick check method, from [[Media:Service Scope 49 Apr 1968.pdf | Service Scope 49, April 1968]] | ||
TD quick check example.jpg | TD quick check example.jpg | Tunnel diode quick check example using the method from Service Scope 49, April 1968. Right beam is zoomed with delayed timebase to show step speed. | ||
IV Ge TD-10mA.jpg | IV Ge TD-10mA.jpg | Tektronix [[571]] curve tracer I-V run of a 10 mA germanium tunnel diode | ||
TDA253-Tunnel_Diode.jpg | TDA253-Tunnel_Diode.jpg | TD 253 Tunnel Diode from a Tek 547 | ||
Tek_547-TunnelDiodes-Trigger.jpg | Tunnel Diodes TD253 and TD3A in a Tek 547 Trigger and Sweep Section) | Tek_547-TunnelDiodes-Trigger.jpg | Tunnel Diodes TD253 and TD3A in a Tek 547 Trigger and Sweep Section) | ||
Tunnel_DIode_1D2_2.2mA.jpg | 1D2 Tunnel Diode (2. | Tunnel_DIode_1D2_2.2mA.jpg | 1D2 Tunnel Diode (2.2 mA) in a Tek 547 Delay Pickoff | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
[[Category: | |||
[[Category:Circuits and Concepts]] | |||
[[Category:Repair issues]] | [[Category:Repair issues]] | ||