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{{Oscilloscope Sidebar |
{{Oscilloscope Sidebar  
title=Tektronix 556 |
|manufacturer=Tektronix
summary=50 MHz dual beam scope|
|series=500-series scopes
image=555-crop.jpg|
|model= 556  
caption=Tektronix 556 front|
|summary=50 MHz dual beam scope
introduced=1966 |
|image=556-crop.jpg
discontinued=(?) |
|caption=Tektronix 556 front
 
|introduced=1966  
manuals=
|discontinued=1975
* [http://bama.edebris.com/download/tek/556/tek%20556.pdf Tektronix 556 Manual (PDF)]
|designers=Phil Crosby;Larry Biggs;Ron Olson;Arend Kastelein
|manuals=
* [[Media:070-0757-00.pdf|Tektronix 556 Manual]] (OCR)
<small>
'''Lecture Notes'''
* [[Media:556 Lecture Notes.pdf|Tektronix 556 Lecture Notes]]
* [[Media:tek_556_lecture_notes.pdf|Tektronix 556 Lecture Notes]] (bad-OCR)
'''Calibration'''
* [[Media:Tek 556 fcp.pdf|Tektronix 556 Factory Calibration Procedure, Jan 1968, SN 2000-up]]
* [[Media:Tek 556 fcp feb 1967.pdf|Tektronix 556 Factory Calibration Procedure, Feb 1967]]
* [[Media:Tek 556 cal outline.pdf|Tektronix 556 Calibration Outline]]
'''Modifications'''
* [[Media:050-0479-01.pdf|Disconnect Diode 556 Serials 100-2989 w/exceptions & R556 100-1989 w/exceptions]]
</small>
}}
}}
The '''Tektronix 556''' is a 50 MHz [[dual-beam scopes|dual-beam scope]], the successor to the Tektronix [[555]].  It uses [[letter-series and 1-series plug-ins]]. A rack-mount version, the R556, also exists.


The Tektronix 556 is a [[dual-beam scopes|dual-beam scope]], the successor to the Tektronix [[555]]. It uses [[letter-series and 1-series plug-ins]]. A rack-mount version, the RM556 also exists. The 556, which is wider than the average 500-series scope, fits in the [[205]] cart.
The 556, which is wider than the average 500-series scope, fits in the [[205]] cart.


== Dual-Beam Modes ==
The 556 was the last 500-series scope produced.  It was present in the [[Media:1974_Tektronix_Catalog.pdf|1974 catalog]], but gone in the [[Media:1975_Tektronix_Catalog.pdf|1975 catalog]].
The 556 is a true dual-beam scope and none of the signal path is shared between the two beams.  Electrically speaking, the power supply and the calibrator are the only parts that are common to both beams.  The 556 has almost complete left-right symmetry, corresponding to upper and lower beams. Although the beams can be operated completely independently, the 556 provides many options for routing signals between the vertical plug-ins, triggers, sweeps, horizontal and vertical amplifiers. For example, a common use for a 556 is to view two simultaneous single-shot events, both sweeps being triggered by one of the traces.  For this purpose, the 556 allows the output of one sweep generator to be routed to the horizontal amplifier of the other beam, so it drives both beams.  Many other more sophisticated modes are also available.
(The dual-beam [[7844]] had been introduced in 1974.)


== Triggering ==
{{BeginSpecs}}
The triggering in the 556 is done using [[tunnel diodes]]  
{{Spec|Bandwidth|≥50 MHz with 1-series plug-ins having a rise time of ≤3.12 ns}}
and the trigger circuit sits on its own small PC board
{{Spec|Rise time|≤6.25 ns (tested with [[067-0521-00]]) }}
just behind the trigger source selection switch.  
{{Spec|Sweep|100 ns/div to 5 s/div, variable ≥2.5:1 (slowest sweep 12.5 s/cm); ×10 magnifier }}
{{Spec|Trigger sensitivity|
* AC: 0.2 div (int) / 200 mV (ext) from 10 Hz to 10 MHz; 1 div / 0.4 V to 50 MHz; LF REJ cut-off 2.5 kHz; HF REJ cut-off 60 kHz
* DC: 0.35 div (int) / 200 mV (ext) from DC to 10 MHz; 2 div or 0.4 V to 50 MHz
}}
{{Spec|Ext. X|0.1 V/div or 1 V/div depending on magnifier setting, DC to ≥400 kHz; max. 50 V}}
{{Spec|Ext. Z|10 V<sub>p-p</sub> for "noticeable modulation intensity", 1 MΩ input}}
{{Spec|Power|90-110/104-126/112-136/180-220/208-252/224-272 V<sub>RMS</sub>, 50 to 60 Hz (400 Hz with fan modification); 840 W/1 kVA max.}}
{{Spec|CRT| [[T5560]]-31-1 ([[154-0500-00]]), P31 standard, 10 kV acceleration; 10 cm × 8 cm }}
{{EndSpecs}}


== Vertical Amplifiers ==
==Links==
The vertical amplifier of the 556 is solid state except for the input cathode followers ([[12AT7]]) and and the
* [https://www.amplifier.cd/Test_Equipment/Tektronix/Tektronix_other/556.html Tek 556 @ amplifier.cd]
output stage ([[8608]]). 


== CRT Circuit ==
== Dual-Beam Modes ==
The CRT circuit of the 556 uses two HV transformers.
The 556 is a true dual-beam scope and none of the signal path is shared between the two beams.  Electrically speaking, the power supply and the calibrator are the only parts that are common to both beams. The 556 has almost complete left-right symmetry, corresponding to upper and lower beams. 
The lower beam transformer, T1301, produces:
* CRT anode voltage: +8150V
* lower beam cathode voltage: -1850V
* lower beam control grid (blanking) voltage: varies, about -2000V


The upper beam transformer, T1351, produces:
Although the beams can be operated completely independently, the 556 provides many options for routing signals between the vertical plug-ins, triggers, sweeps, horizontal and vertical amplifiers.  For example, a common use for a 556 is to view two simultaneous single-shot events, both sweeps being triggered by one of the traces.  For this purpose, the 556 allows the output of one sweep generator to be routed to the horizontal amplifier of the other beam, so it drives both beams.  Many other more sophisticated modes are also available.
* upper beam cathode voltage: -1850V
* upper beam control grid (blanking) voltage: varies, about -2000V


== Comparison with the 555 ==
==Comparison with other scopes==
The 556 is a one-piece unit whereas the 555 has a the power supply in a separate box.
=== Tektronix 555 ===
Triggering and sweep circuitry  
The 556 is a one-piece unit whereas the [[555]] has the power supply in a separate box.
is integrated into the 556 mainframe, as opposed to  
Triggering and sweep circuitry is integrated into the 556 mainframe, as opposed to  
the removable timing units in the 555.  The 556 takes  
the removable timing units in the 555.  The 556 takes  
two [[letter-series and 1-series plug-ins|letter-series or 1-series vertical plug-ins]].
two [[letter-series and 1-series plug-ins|letter-series or 1-series vertical plug-ins]].
The 556's bandwidth is 50MHz, whereas the 555's is 30.
The 556's bandwidth is 50 MHz, whereas the 555's is 30.


The 555 and 556 both use separate HV transformers for the lower beam and upper beam voltages.
The 555 and 556 both use separate HV transformers for the lower beam and upper beam voltages.
In both models, the lower beam HV transformer produces the CRT anode voltage.
In both models, the lower beam HV transformer produces the CRT anode voltage.


== Comparison with the 565 ==
The 556 uses 840 watts while the 555 (indicator unit and power supply unit, together) uses 1050 watts.
 
=== Tektronix 565 ===
The 556 superficially resembles the [[565]],  
The 556 superficially resembles the [[565]],  
which is is also a dual-beam one-piece scope, but the 565 takes two
which is is also a dual-beam one-piece scope, but the 565 takes two
[[2-series or 3-series vertical plug-ins]]  
[[560-series plug-ins|560-series vertical plug-ins]]
and has much lower vertical and trigger bandwidth.
and has much lower vertical and trigger bandwidth.
Also, the 565 uses a single HV transformer to produce all CRT voltages,  
Also, the 565 uses a single HV transformer to produce all CRT voltages,  
whereas the 556 uses two transformers.
whereas the 556 uses two transformers.
The 556 uses post-deflection acceleration; the 565 does not.
==Internals==
===Triggering ===
The triggering in the 556 is done using [[tunnel diodes]]
and the trigger circuit sits on its own small PC board
just behind the trigger source selection switch. 
===Vertical Amplifiers ===
The vertical amplifier of the 556 is solid state except for the input cathode followers ([[12AT7]]) and and the
output stage ([[8608]]). 
===CRT Circuit ===
The CRT in model 556 is the [[T5560]].
The CRT circuit of the 556 uses two HV transformers.
The lower beam transformer ([[120-0432-00]]), T1301, produces:
* CRT anode voltage: +8150 V
* lower beam cathode voltage: −1850 V
* lower beam control grid (blanking) voltage: varies, about −2000 V
The upper beam transformer ([[120-0433-00]]), T1351, produces:
* upper beam cathode voltage: −1850 V
* upper beam control grid (blanking) voltage: varies, about −2000 V
Each of the transformers is driven by its own independent oscillator using a [[6GF5]] power pentode.
==The 556 Story, as recalled by engineer [[Phil Crosby]] in September 2020==
[[File:Phil and 556.jpg|thumb|Phil Crosby then and now, with a Tektronix Type 556 and spare CRT at the VintageTEK Museum in Beaverton, Oregon.]]
<!--Phil Crosby then and now, with a Tektronix Type 556 and spare CRT at the VintageTEK Museum in Beaverton, Oregon.-->
I was sort of the "loose ends" guy, so I was involved with most aspects of the instrument.
I had finished the [[RM529]] TV waveform monitor, a project for which I was fully responsible.
I was going to do the cabinet version as well, but when it became apparent that the 556 was more difficult than expected,
I was asked to join in.
[[Oliver Dalton]], [[Bob Rullman]], [[Gene Kauffman]], and [[George Smith]] had done the [[544]], [[546]], and [[547]] mainframes
and they felt that the 556 would be a walk in the park.
Oliver had dreamed up the sweep switching trick
<ref>In "ALT" sweep mode on a 547, with a compatible plug-in such as a 1A1, input channel A is displayed using the A sweep and input channel B is displayed using the B sweep. This has value when probing two signals that fundamentally operate at different timescales, for example the IF and AF (or video) of a superhet receiver. However, since there is only one beam it is easy to determine when to switch channels in “ALT” mode.
</ref>
for the 547 and felt that a dual beam 'scope should be able to present the same sort of display,
but these people had more important things to do, so the 556 project got handed to the TV group under [[Charlie Rhodes]] in the belief that,
except for the power supply, which would be a difficult packaging job, requiring efficient heat removal,
it should be a trivial exercise. The power supply was indeed challenging, but it was not the only challenge.
The vertical amplifiers, sweep switching, and horizontal amplifiers all required significant attention.
===Challenges in the Power Supply===
One clever aspect was the heat sink for the series pass transistors.
Since they were originally germanium devices (DTG2400),
it was imperative that they be kept as cool as possible.
Their heat sink was a thick piece of aluminum, bent into a right angle (I never saw the bending brake) and mounted transversely to the airstream,
very close to the fan. Slots sawn into the part bent away from the power transistors efficiently coupled heat into the airstream.
The power transformer had a thick aluminum plate amidst its steel laminations used as a flange to tie to the sides of the two plug-in compartments.
[[File:Tek 556 ps sink.png|thumb|Power transistors (46) mounted on bent aluminum (37) with slots sawn into it. Air flow from the air filter passes through the slots.]]
<!--Power transistors (46) mounted on bent aluminum (37) with slots sawn into it. Air flow from the air filter passes through the slots.-->
===Challenges in the Vertical Signal Path===
Relative to the 547, the CRT required extensive electrostatic shielding to prevent crosstalk between the two beams.
The increased interelectrode capacitances meant that the existing 547 solid-state vertical amplifier
just couldn't deliver the required bandwidth and voltage swing.
At that time, we had a requirement that full-screen step response should display minimal changes as it is positioned vertically over the screen area.
We needed a hybrid transistor-tube cascode configuration.
The [[8233|Amperex 8233]] power pentode had the requisite gm,
but the output C was too high and it would be a lot better if some of the anode metal was trimmed away and the anode lead came out the top of the envelope,
allowing a more direct path to the deflection plates and allowing more cooling for the 1k load resistors.
We talked with Amperex and they agreed to do the mod calling it the [[8608]],
which also found a home in two other Tek products: the [[3A7]] plug-in and the [[549]] storage scope.
<!--A pair of 8233 tubes. (temporary photo)-->
<!--A pair of 8608 tubes. (temporary photo)-->
[[File:Two 8608 tubes.jpg|thumb|A pair of 8608 tubes.]]
[[File:Tek 556 vert amp output.jpg|thumb|Vertical output tubes. The beige rectangular components are 1kΩ plate resistors. In addition to reducing parasitics, moving the anode connection to the top on the 8608 tube allows the plate resistors, which dissipate a few watts, to be in the air stream from the fan.]]
Oliver’s requirement to emulate the 547's sweep switching feature in the dual-beam 556 meant that
BOTH sets of vertical plates would have to optionally be driven from the same (right) plug-in.
Low-capacitance diodes would optionally switch in a crossover amplifier driving the lower beam vertical amplifier as well.
The increased number of amplifier stages meant that PNP stages were needed to keep the common-mode DC level,
already elevated due to the vacuum tube output stage, from increasing further.
At that time, no silicon transistors were available that could meet the speed and voltage requirements,
so we were constrained to use the [[2N2929]],
a PNP germanium transistor that could barely meet the voltage and power dissipation requirements.
<ref>
In the mid-60s, Tektronix had no resident IC design or fabrication facility,
leaving us constrained by the availability of discrete transistors.
The speed, voltage, and power dissipation requirements of the output devices,
together with the need for high writing speed and small spot size always limited the performance of vertical amplifiers.
</ref>
The seven or eight inches of 93 ohm coaxial cable required
a couple of additional time constants to compensate for skin-effect loss.
Another germanium limitation was in the power supply's series pass transistors,
where the Delco DTG2400 PNP transistor was the only suitable part available.
After a break at serial number 2000,
a major mod replaced the germanium parts with a design incorporating newly available silicon devices.
An aside – in the design of bleeding-edge electronic equipment, there can be a few bright ideas,
followed by “yeahbuts”, as in, “yeah, but you’re gonna have to … “. Some projects end up staggering under the sheer load of the “yeahbuts”.
The recent Boeing 737Max debacle comes to mind with its problems associated with engine placement, ground  clearance, and thrust centroids,
oh, and various kinds of cost issues.
It’s one of those things that cause most designers to revere the Dilbert comic strip.
===Challenges in the Horizontal Signal Path===
Many vertical plug-ins employed an “ALT” mode, where the input channels are switched (A to B, Ch1 to Ch2)
after the end of a sweep at a time when the beam is turned off hiding the visibility of the transition.
However, if a single plug-in drives both beams, and the two sweeps run independently and asynchronously,
there may be no time when neither sweep is running. In our function truth table, this became “note 5”,
demanding the least worst solution. Accordingly, I designed logic ensuring that the A (delaying) sweep could not run
until the B sweep had entered the holdoff state or was waiting.
Since the 500-series plug-in ‘scopes had a
[[500_Series_plug-in_interface|67.5 V plug-in/mainframe common-mode DC level]],
the possibilities of destruction of expensive solid-state devices due to a misplaced probe were rampant,
often resulting in a string of expletives. Attempting to moderate the situation,
we instituted a “cuss box” requiring a five-cent donation per cussword.
The proceeds were intended to buy gifts for the prototype support people who had to wrestle with an 80 pound prototype.
One member of the design team, renowned for his taciturn nature had contributed nothing to the cuss box
until the evening when I heard a sound across the way similar to the sound that had resulted in my feeding about a dollar to the cuss box.
I went over to see what had happened, and I saw the fellow shaking his finger at the part of the circuit where my errant short had occurred.
He was getting redder by the second, prompting me to say, “you gotta let it out!”. He walked over to the cuss box and loudly said. “Damn!”, put a nickel in.
Then he thought about it and said “Damn!” again, dropping another one in.
He looked at me and said, “I feel much better now”.
Nearing Christmas of 1965, our operating rule was 12 hours a day,
except for Thursday when “Batman” and “Lost in Space” were on the TV.
One of us would stay home to watch and report to the others what had happened.
Nobody (almost) should work on the weekend.
Another piece of “black magic” concerned the horizontal output amplifiers,
similarly burdened with excessive CRT capacitance.
Although we were squeaking by at the highest sweep and mag settings,
I noticed that the apparent p-p amplitude of a sine wave decreased by a few percent as the envelope swept across the screen.
The Horizontal output devices were cathode followers.
I found that the negative-going output cathode follower was late in following the ramp,
causing the electron beam’s axial velocity to increase due to the increased common-mode voltage,
reducing the deflection sensitivity.
The design, first appearing in the [[531|Tek 531]], employs a pentode whose grid,
driven by the differentiated positive-going ramp, boosts the pull-down current,
keeping the cathode follower in conduction.
Our circuit had been inherited from the 544-546-547 ‘scopes,
and when I questioned the designer about the effect,
he said, “I always wondered … “. Some fiddling with currents and time constants diminished the effect.
===Brought to Market===
In the initial release of the 556, we managed to meet the design specifications and then some,
but we knew that the germanium transistors were a compromise.
Two years later we replaced the germanium PNPs with silicon,
producing a product that we felt a lot better about. Serial number above 2529 indicated the change.
The 556 was used extensively by the folks that were doing nuclear effects testing
and they had stringent requirements for small spot size and high photographic writing speed,
a combination that its replacement, the [[7844]], was unable to meet until its CRT was modded a few years after its introduction,
so the 556 was the last of the 500-series mainframes to end production.


==Pictures==
==Pictures==
<gallery>
Tek 556 trace.jpg
556_front.JPG          | Front panel of a 556
Rm556.jpg              | Front view of an RM556
Wellenkino 556.jpg
Tek 556 rear2.jpg      | Rear View
Tek 556 rear.jpg        | Rear view
Tek type t as vertical in 556.jpg|[[T|Type T]] as vertical plug-in in 556
556_EMV.JPG | contact spring for EMC shielding
Tek 556 on 205 1.jpg|556 on [[205]] cart
Tek 556 on 205 2.jpg|556 on [[205]] cart
Tek 556 on 205 3.jpg|556 on [[205]] cart
Tek 556 on 205 4.jpg|556 on [[205]] cart
Tek 556 on 205 5.jpg|556 on [[205]] cart
Tek 556 on 205 6.jpg|556 on [[205]] cart
Tek 556 on 205 7.jpg|556 on [[205]] cart
Tek 556 on 205 8.jpg|556 on [[205]] cart
Tek 556 on 205 9.jpg|556 on [[205]] cart
Tek 556 on 205 10.jpg|556 on [[205]] cart
Tek 556 on 205 11.jpg|556 on [[205]] cart
Tek 556 on 205 12.jpg|556 on [[205]] cart
</gallery>
===Internal===
<gallery>
Rm556 trigboard.jpg  | Trigger board contains two tunnel diodes and a reed relay
556-top.JPG          | Top view
Rm556 top2.jpg        | Top view of RM556
556-right.JPG        | Right side view
556_bottom.JPG        | Bottom view
556_bottom2.JPG      | Bottom view with power supply/calibrator/delay pickoff chassis swung out
Rm556 output amp.jpg  | Output amplifier driving deflection plates
556_tube1.jpg        | Neck of 556 CRT - the tube contains two electrically independent guns and vertical and horizontal deflection plates
</gallery>
===Screen shots===
<gallery>
Tek556-LT-AppNote49.jpg | 556 screen shot showing a total of six traces, two on one timebase and four on the other. From Jim Williams, Linear Technology Application Note #49
Tek 556 two trace.jpg  | Two beams making two traces
Tek 556 trace2.jpg
</gallery>


===Schematics===
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:556_front.JPG|Front panel of a 556.
Tek 556 vert.png | Vertical amp schematic
Image:Rm556.jpg|Front view of an RM556.
Tek 556 hvps.png | CRT Circuit
Image:Rm556 trigboard.jpg|Trigger board contains two tunnel diodes and a reed relay.
Image:556-top.JPG|Top view.
Image:Rm556 top2.jpg|Top view of RM556.
Image:556-right.JPG|Right side view.
Image:556_bottom.JPG|Bottom view.
Image:556_bottom2.JPG|Bottom view with power supply/calibrator/delay pickoff chassis swung out.
Image:Rm556 output amp.jpg|Output amplifier driving deflection plates.
Image:556_tube1.jpg|Neck of 556 CRT.  The tube contains two electrically independent guns and vertical and horizontal deflection plates.
Image:Tek 556 rear.jpg|Rear view
File:Tek 556 vert.png|Vertical amp schematic
File:Tek 556 hvps.png|CRT Circuit
File:Wellenkino 556.jpg
</gallery>
</gallery>
{{Parts|556}}


[[Category:500 series scopes]]
[[Category:500 series scopes]]
[[Category:Dual beam scopes]]
[[Category:Dual beam scopes]]
[[Category:Specifications needed]]
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