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Tunnel diodes are used in various circuits in Tek gear made from the early 1960's until the 1980's.
'''Tunnel diodes (Esaki diodes)''' are used in various circuits in Tektronix gear made from the early 1960s until the 1980s.  


== Applications ==
== Applications ==
Tunnel diodes were used where it was
Tunnel diodes were used where it was desirable to have fast and clean switching between two states.
desirable to have fast and clean switching between two states.
They were used in  
They were used in  
* trigger circuits as Schmitt triggers,  
* trigger circuits as Schmitt triggers,  
Line 14: Line 13:


== Relevant Distinguishing Parameters ==
== Relevant Distinguishing Parameters ==
Many different types of tunnel diodes were made.  The primary parameter that describes one is the peak current, which is the current at the top of the hill in the I-V curve.  The other two relevant electrical parameters are the capacitance of the diode and whether it is made of GaAs or Ge.  In some circuits,
Many different types of tunnel diodes were made.  The primary parameter that describes one is the peak current, which is the current at the top of the hill in the I-V curve.  The other two relevant electrical parameters are the capacitance of the diode and whether it is made of GaAs or Ge.  In some circuits, another model of tunnel diode can be substituted with only minor modifications to the surrounding circuit.  [[Stan Griffiths]] describes such a modification here:
another model of tunnel diode can be substituted with only minor modifications to the surrounding circuit.  Stan Griffiths describes such a modification here:


* http://www.reprise.com/host/tektronix/reference/tunnel_diode.asp
* [[Tunnel Diode Replacement and Modification]]


== Emulation using Common Parts ==
== Emulation using Common Parts ==
Line 24: Line 22:


== Testing a Tunnel Diode ==
== Testing a Tunnel Diode ==
Before concluding that a tunnel diode is bad, it is important to be sure that it has been measured correctly.  A high resistance reading on a DMM indicates that the diode is bad.  A low resistance on a DMM and a low voltage on a diode tester are both normal when measuring a tunnel diode.  A more thorough test of a tunnel diode is to drive it through a resistor with a ramp voltage source while observing the voltage across the tunnel diode.  The resistor should be calculated so that the peak current just exceeds the peak current that the tunnel diode is rated for.  Of course if a curve tracer is available, it is great for measuring
Before concluding that a tunnel diode is bad, it is important to be sure that it has been measured correctly.  A high resistance reading on a DMM indicates that the diode is bad.  A low resistance on a DMM and a low voltage on a diode tester are both normal when measuring a tunnel diode.  A more thorough test of a tunnel diode is to drive it through a resistor with a ramp voltage source while observing the voltage across the tunnel diode.  The resistor should be calculated so that the peak current just exceeds the peak current that the tunnel diode is rated for.  Of course if a curve tracer is available, it is great for measuring the I-V curve of the diode (note the negative-resistance part of the curve may not show due to the fast transit).
the I-V curve of the diode.
 
[[Image:IV_Ge_TD-10mA.jpg|thumb|Tektronix 571 curve tracer run of 10mA tunnel diode.]]
A short article in [[Media:Service Scope 49 Apr 1968.pdf | Service Scope 49, April 1968]] describes a quick checking setup that approximates a curve tracer using the scope's X sawtooth output (see in photo section below).
[[Image:Ge_TD.jpg|thumb|10mA tunnel diode mounted in Tektronix 571 curve tracer fixture.]]
[[File:IV_Ge_TD-10mA.jpg|thumb|Tektronix 571 curve tracer run of 10 mA tunnel diode.]]
[[File:Ge_TD.jpg|thumb|10mA tunnel diode mounted in Tektronix 571 curve tracer fixture.]]


== Modeling ==
== Modeling ==
The fast switching action of the tunnel diode can be understood by modeling it  
The fast switching action of the tunnel diode can be understood by modeling it as a nonlinear voltage controlled current source (VCCS) in parallel with a small parasitic capacitor.   
as a nonlinear voltage controlled current source (VCCS) in parallel with a small parasitic capacitor.   
The nonlinear VCCS is controlled by the voltage at the terminals of the diode and is responsible for the S-shaped I-V curve.   
The nonlinear VCCS is controlled by the voltage at the terminals of the diode  
(Alternatively and equivalently, it can be modeled as nonlinear resistance.  However, the nonlinear VCCS model might be preferable because it avoids  
and is responsible for the S-shaped I-V curve.   
(Alternatively and equivalently, it can be modeled as nonlinear resistance.   
However, the nonlinear VCCS model might be preferable because it avoids  
the confusing notion of negative resistance.)
the confusing notion of negative resistance.)
Consider a tunnel diode biased by a DC current source that is  
 
slowly brought up from zero to a current just  
Consider a tunnel diode biased by a DC current source that is slowly brought up from zero to a current just a few microamperes less than the diode's peak current.   
a few microamperes less than the diode's peak current.   
The quiescent voltage will be just less than the peak voltage.   
The quiescent voltage will be just less than the peak voltage.   
Note that the I-V curve is nearly horizontal at this point,  
 
and therefore the incremental resistance of the diode is very high at this point.   
Note that the I-V curve is nearly horizontal at this point, and therefore the incremental resistance of the diode is very high at this point.   
For simplicity, we can assume that the incremental resistance is infinite at this quiescent point.  
For simplicity, we can assume that the incremental resistance is infinite at this quiescent point.  
[[Image:Trig1c.png|thumb]]
[[File:Trig1c.png|thumb]]
 
(The following section will be clarified in the coming edits.)


== Estimating Switching Speed ==
== Estimating Switching Speed ==
Now that we have established the initial bias conditions, let's look at the event when the tunnel diode switches state.  Assume that the triggering signal is coupled to the tunnel diode through a resistor.  The current through the resistor adds to the current from the DC current source.  Since we are assuming that the incremental resistance of the diode is infinite at the initial bias point, all of the current due to the trigger signal flows into and out of the diode's capacitance.  If enough charge is added, the instantaneous voltage across the diode will be in the second region, where the slope of the VCCS function is negative.
Now that we have established the initial bias conditions, let's look at the event when the tunnel diode switches state.  Assume that the triggering signal is coupled to the tunnel diode through a resistor.  The current through the resistor adds to the current from the DC current source.  Since we are assuming that the incremental resistance of the diode is infinite at the initial bias point, all of the current due to the trigger signal flows into and out of the diode's capacitance.  If enough charge is added, the instantaneous voltage across the diode will be in the second region, where the slope of the VCCS function is negative.
[[Image:Trig3c.png|thumb]]
[[File:Trig3c.png|thumb]]
Once the diode enters the second region, increases in diode voltage cause decreases in diode current.  Applying Kirchhoff's current law at the node where the diode meets the DC current source, we can see that the current entering the parasitic capacitor at any instant is the difference between the DC current source and the nonlinear VCCS current at the this instantaneous voltage.  We can use this fact to estimate the switching time of the tunnel diode.  (The shape of the transition can also be estimated.)   
Once the diode enters the second region, increases in diode voltage cause decreases in diode current.  Applying Kirchhoff's current law at the node where the diode meets the DC current source, we can see that the current entering the parasitic capacitor at any instant is the difference between the DC current source and the nonlinear VCCS current at the this instantaneous voltage.  We can use this fact to estimate the switching time of the tunnel diode.  (The shape of the transition can also be estimated.)   
As an example, let's take the case of a tunnel diode with
10mA peak current and 5pF capacitance. 
A first-order estimate of the switching time can be made by
assuming that to make the transition from <math>V_1</math> to <math>V_2</math>,
a certain amount of charge needs to be added to the
parasitic capacitance of the diode. 


From <math>Q = C*V</math>, we know that
As an example, let's take the case of a tunnel diode with 10 mA peak current and 5 pF capacitance. 
A first-order estimate of the switching time can be made by assuming that to make the transition from
V<sub>1</sub> to V<sub>2</sub>, a certain amount of charge needs to be added to the parasitic capacitance of the diode. 


<math>\Delta Q = C * \Delta V</math>, which is
:From Q = C * V, we know that ∆ Q = C * ∆ V, which is ∆ Q = C * (V<sub>2</sub> - V<sub>1</sub>)
:With V<sub>1</sub> = 65 mV and V<sub>2</sub> = 465 mV, ∆ Q = 5 * 10<sup>-12</sup> F * 0.4 V = 2 picocoulombs.


<math>\Delta Q = C * (V2-V1).</math>
Now we bravely assume that the charging current during the transition is constant, and is half of the peak current.  5 mA is 5 millicoulombs per second.  


We can assume that
: t = (2 * 10<sup>-12</sup> C) / (5 * 10<sup>-3</sup> A) = 0.4 ns
 
<math>V1 = 65mV</math>, and
 
<math>V2 = 465mV</math>. So,
 
<math>\Delta Q = (5*10^{-12})*0.4</math>, which is 2 picocoulombs. 
 
Now we bravely assume that the charging current during the transition is constant,
and is half of the peak current.  5mA is 5 millicoulombs per second. 
 
<math>\frac{2 * 10 ^ {-12} coulombs}{5*10^{-3}amperes} = 0.4 nanoseconds.</math>


<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Rca1963TunnelDiodeManual.p4.png
Rca1963TunnelDiodeManual.p4.png
File:Rca1963TunnelDiodeManual.p16-17.png
Rca1963TunnelDiodeManual.p16-17.png
</gallery>
</gallery>
== Tunnel Diodes Used in Tektronix Instruments ==
{{4ColBegin}}
* [[STD615]] (152-01-02-00) - Ge, 10 mA, 28 pF
* [[TD1081]] (152-0099-00) - Ge, 50 mA, 6 pF
* [[TD253]] (152-0154-00) - Ge, 10 mA, 9 pF
* [[TD3A]] (152-0125-xx) - Ge, 4.7 mA, 18 pF
* [[1N3129]] - Ge, 20 mA, 20 pF
* [[1N3130]] - Ge, 50 mA, 6 pF
* [[1N3712]] - Ge, 1 mA ±10%, 10 pF
* [[1N3713]] - Ge, 1 mA ±2.5%, 5 pF
* [[1N3714]] - Ge, 2.2 mA ±10%, 25 pF
* [[1N3715]] - Ge, 2.2 mA ±2.5%, 10 pF
* [[1N3716]] - Ge, 4.7 mA ±5%, 50 pF
* [[1N3717]] - Ge, 4.7 mA ±2.5%, 25 pF
* [[1N3718]]/[[TD4]] - Ge, 10 mA ±10%, 90 pF
* [[1N3719]] - Ge, 10 mA ±2.5%, 25 pF
* [[1N3720]] - Ge, 22 mA ±10%, 150 pF
* [[1N3721]] - Ge, 22 mA ±2.5%, 100 pF 
* [[152-0140-01]] - Ge(?), 10 mA, 8 pF
* [[152-0177-00]]/-01/-02 - Ge, 10 mA, 4.7 pF
* [[152-0181-00]] - Ge(?), 1 mA, 5 pF
* [[152-0182-00]] - Ge(?), 10 mA, 50 pF
* [[152-0254-01]] - Ge, 100 mA, 6 pF
* [[152-0329-00]] - Ge(?), 19 mA, 1.5 pF
* [[152-0379-00]] - Ge(?), 20 mA, 10 pF
* [[152-0383-00]] - 50 mA, t<sub>r</sub> 31 ps
* [[152-0386-00]] - Ge(?), 10 mA, 25 pF
* [[152-0402-00]] - 2.2 mA 25 pF
* [[152-0489-00]] - Ge(?), 21 mA, 1.5 pF
* [[153-0040-00]] - 50 mA low-capacitance
* [[153-0400-00]] - 50 mA low-capacitance
{{4ColEnd}}


== Reading ==
== Reading ==
* [[wikipedia:Tunnel diode|Tunnel diode]] / [[wikipedia:Backward diode|Backward diode]] @ Wikipedia
===Textbooks and references===
===Textbooks and references===
* Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_diode Tunnel Diode] / [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_diode Backward Diode]
* [https://www.tpub.com/neets/book7/26a.htm tpub.com: The Tunnel Diode]
* Jacob Millman and Herbert Taub: Pulse, Digital and Switching Waveforms. McGraw-Hill, 1965. (&rarr; [https://archive.org/details/PulseDigitalSwitchingWaveforms Online (complete)])
* [https://w140.com/aec-nasa_april69_tunnel_diodes.pdf AEC - NASA Tech Brief 69-10116 (1969): Simple Tunnel Diode Circuit for Accurate Zero Crossing Timing]
** Chapter 12: Negative-resistance Devices – [http://w140.com/kurt/millman_taub_ed1_ch12.pdf PDF] / [http://w140.com/kurt/millman_taub_ed1_ch12.djvu DJVU]
* [https://w140.com/Nucl_Instrum_Methods_TD_Induct_effects_1968.pdf Nuclear Instruments and Methods 66 (1968): Inductance Effects on Capacitive Loading of a Tunnel Diode]
** Chapter 13: Negative-resistance Switching Circuits – [http://w140.com/kurt/millman_taub_ed1_ch13.pdf PDF] / [http://w140.com/kurt/millman_taub_ed1_ch13.djvu DJVU]
* [https://w140.com/nasa_paull_tunnel_diode_logic.pdf NASA Technical Note: Paull, Cancro, and Garrahan, "Low Power Nanosecond Pulse and Logic Circuits Using Tunnel Diodes"]
* Sylvester P. Gentile: Basic Theory and Application of Tunnel Diodes (1962) [http://w140.com/Gentile-TunnelDiodes.pdf PDF (complete)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20211016024914/https://www.americanmicrosemi.com/tutorial/tunnel-diode-and-back-diode/ American Micro Semiconductor: Tunnel Diode and Back Diode] (archived webpage)
** Chapter 8: Pulse and Switching Circuits [http://w140.com/kurt/tunnel_diodes_gentile_ch8.pdf PDF] / [http://w140.com/kurt/tunnel_diodes_gentile_ch8.djvu DJVU]
{{Documents|Link=Tunnel diodes}}
* [http://w140.com/GenRad_Experimenter_July-Aug_1960.pdf Article by General Radio on Tunnel Diode Measurements (PDF)]
* [http://www.tpub.com/neets/book7/26a.htm tpub.com: The Tunnel Diode]
* [http://w140.com/aec-nasa_april69_tunnel_diodes.pdf AEC - NASA Tech Brief 69-10116 (1969): Simple Tunnel Diode Circuit for Accurate Zero Crossing Timing]
* [http://w140.com/Nucl_Instrum_Methods_TD_Induct_effects_1968.pdf Nuclear Instruments and Methods 66 (1968): Inductance Effects on Capacitive Loading of a Tunnel Diode]


===Cross-reference===
===Cross-reference===
* [http://w140.com/tek_xref_tunnel_diodes.pdf Tektronix diode cross reference - Tunnel, Back, Four-layer, Varicap, Snap-off, Suppressor, PIN]
* [[Media:Tektronix_Tunnel_Diodes_Cross_Reference.pdf|Tektronix diode cross reference - Tunnel, Back, Four-layer, Varicap, Snap-off, Suppressor, PIN]]
* [http://w140.com/tunnel_diodes_table_cs.html Craig Sawyers' 1N tunnel diode summary table]
* [https://w140.com/tunnel_diodes_table_cs.html Craig Sawyers' 1N tunnel diode summary table]
* [[Russian tunnel diodes]]
* [[Russian tunnel diodes]]
* See also [[:Category:Tunnel diodes]] /  [[:Category:Back diodes]]
* See also [[:Category:Tunnel diodes]] /  [[:Category:Back diodes]]


===General Electric===
===General Electric===
* [http://w140.com/GE_Tunnel_Diode_Manual.pdf General Electric Tunnel Diode Manual, 1st ed. 1961]
* [[Media:GE Tunnel Diode Manual 1961.pdf|General Electric Tunnel Diode Manual, 1st ed. 1961]] / [[Media:GE Tunnel Diode Manual 1961 (alternate).pdf|alternate copy]]
* [http://w140.com/Ge1961TunnelDiodeManual.pdf General Electric Tunnel Diode Manual (1961)]  
* General Electric Transistor Manual (1964)
* General Electric Transistor Manual (1964)
** [http://w140.com/ge_transistor_manual_1964-ch14_td.pdf Chapter 14: Tunnel Diode Circuits (PDF)]
** [[Media:GE Transistor Manual 1964 Ch.14 Tunnel Diodes.pdf|Chapter 14: Tunnel Diode Circuits]]
** [http://w140.com/ge_transistor_manual_1964-tunnel-diode_specs.pdf Chapter 19: Tunnel Diode Specifications]
** [[Media:Ge transistor manual 1964-tunnel-diode specs.pdf|Chapter 19: Tunnel Diode Specifications]]
* [http://w140.com/kurt/ge_tunnel_diodes_71.pdf General Electric Tunnel Diode Specifications (1971)]
* [[Media:GE TD26x TD27x datasheet.pdf|GE TD26x/TD27x Datasheet]]
* [http://w140.com/td262a.pdf GE TD26x/TD27x Datasheet (PDF)]
* [[Media:General Electric semiconductors 1966 HRFE.pdf|General Electric Tunnel Diodes in 1966 Transistor Catalog]] (OCR)
* [http://w140.com/kurt/ge_bd1-7.pdf Germanium Back Diodes] (BD1 – BD7)
* [[Media:GE Research Information Services Tunnel Diodes.pdf|1959 General Electric Research Information Services Report on Tunnel Diodes]]
* [[Media:Ge 1n3712-1n3721.pdf|General Electric 1N3712 to 1N3721 Data]]


===RCA===
===RCA===
* [http://w140.com/kurt/Rca1963TunnelDiodeManual.pdf RCA Tunnel Diode Manual (1963)]
* [[Media:RCA 1963 Tunnel Diode Manual.pdf | RCA 1963 Tunnel Diode Manual]] (OCR)


===Other Manufacturers===
===Other Manufacturers===
* [http://w140.com/kurt/gpd_tunnel_datasheet.pdf Germanium Power Devices Corp. Tunnel Diode Specifications, 6/1985] (1N3712–20, 1N3713–21)
<!-- MISSING * [https://w140.com/kurt/gpd_tunnel_datasheet.pdf Germanium Power Devices Corp. Tunnel Diode Specifications, 6/1985] (1N3712–20, 1N3713–21) -->
* [[Media:1n3271 to 1n4399b.pdf|1N3271 to 1N4399B Specs]]
* [[Media:Tunnel diodes in 1961 D.A.T.A. book.pdf|Tunnel Diodes Section of 1961 D.A.T.A. book]] (full book: https://archive.org/details/DATASemiconductorDiodeRectifierCharacteristicsTabulation1961VolVII)


==Images==
==Images==


<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Tek 575 tunnel diode.jpg|testing a tunnel diode on a 575
Tek 575 tunnel diode.jpg         | Testing a tunnel diode on a [[575]]
7D20_Tunnel_Diode.jpg            | Testing a tunnel diode with an audio oscillator and a [[7D20]] in X-Y mode
Tunnel diode quick check.jpg    | Tunnel diode quick check method, from [[Media:Service Scope 49 Apr 1968.pdf | Service Scope 49, April 1968]]
TD quick check example.jpg      | Tunnel diode quick check example using the method from Service Scope 49, April 1968.  Right beam is zoomed with delayed timebase to show step speed.
IV Ge TD-10mA.jpg                | Tektronix [[571]] curve tracer I-V run of a 10 mA germanium tunnel diode
TDA253-Tunnel_Diode.jpg          | TD 253 Tunnel Diode from a Tek 547
Tek_547-TunnelDiodes-Trigger.jpg | Tunnel Diodes TD253 and TD3A in a Tek 547 Trigger and Sweep Section)
Tunnel_DIode_1D2_2.2mA.jpg      | 1D2 Tunnel Diode (2.2 mA) in a Tek 547 Delay Pickoff
</gallery>
</gallery>


[[Category:Tunnel diodes]]
 
 
[[Category:Circuits and Concepts]]
[[Category:Repair issues]]

Latest revision as of 07:20, 16 October 2024

Tunnel diodes (Esaki diodes) are used in various circuits in Tektronix gear made from the early 1960s until the 1980s.

Applications

Tunnel diodes were used where it was desirable to have fast and clean switching between two states. They were used in

  • trigger circuits as Schmitt triggers,
  • sweep and timing circuits as flip-flops,
  • pulse generators for converting a slow-rise signals to fast-rise pulses,
  • countdown/sync circuits

Issues of Drift and Failure

Tunnel diode characteristics (peak and valley voltages and currents) tend to drift. Usually this can be handled by adjusting the surrounding circuit. Sometimes tunnel diodes completely fail. Replacement usually involves scavenging a similar tunnel diode from some other device. There are some people in the Tek community who may have some tunnel diodes they can sell. Germanium tunnel diodes are extremely sensitive to overheat, especially at soldering work. Be aware and use low melting solder and appropriate tool to protect the body from overheating!

Relevant Distinguishing Parameters

Many different types of tunnel diodes were made. The primary parameter that describes one is the peak current, which is the current at the top of the hill in the I-V curve. The other two relevant electrical parameters are the capacitance of the diode and whether it is made of GaAs or Ge. In some circuits, another model of tunnel diode can be substituted with only minor modifications to the surrounding circuit. Stan Griffiths describes such a modification here:

Emulation using Common Parts

A common question is whether an electrical equivalent to a tunnel diode can be made out of modern, available parts. It is not hard to emulate the I-V curve, but there is no known circuit that can be made from available parts that has right I-V curve and the high switching speed of the real diode.

Testing a Tunnel Diode

Before concluding that a tunnel diode is bad, it is important to be sure that it has been measured correctly. A high resistance reading on a DMM indicates that the diode is bad. A low resistance on a DMM and a low voltage on a diode tester are both normal when measuring a tunnel diode. A more thorough test of a tunnel diode is to drive it through a resistor with a ramp voltage source while observing the voltage across the tunnel diode. The resistor should be calculated so that the peak current just exceeds the peak current that the tunnel diode is rated for. Of course if a curve tracer is available, it is great for measuring the I-V curve of the diode (note the negative-resistance part of the curve may not show due to the fast transit).

A short article in Service Scope 49, April 1968 describes a quick checking setup that approximates a curve tracer using the scope's X sawtooth output (see in photo section below).

Tektronix 571 curve tracer run of 10 mA tunnel diode.
10mA tunnel diode mounted in Tektronix 571 curve tracer fixture.

Modeling

The fast switching action of the tunnel diode can be understood by modeling it as a nonlinear voltage controlled current source (VCCS) in parallel with a small parasitic capacitor. The nonlinear VCCS is controlled by the voltage at the terminals of the diode and is responsible for the S-shaped I-V curve. (Alternatively and equivalently, it can be modeled as nonlinear resistance. However, the nonlinear VCCS model might be preferable because it avoids the confusing notion of negative resistance.)

Consider a tunnel diode biased by a DC current source that is slowly brought up from zero to a current just a few microamperes less than the diode's peak current. The quiescent voltage will be just less than the peak voltage.

Note that the I-V curve is nearly horizontal at this point, and therefore the incremental resistance of the diode is very high at this point. For simplicity, we can assume that the incremental resistance is infinite at this quiescent point.

Estimating Switching Speed

Now that we have established the initial bias conditions, let's look at the event when the tunnel diode switches state. Assume that the triggering signal is coupled to the tunnel diode through a resistor. The current through the resistor adds to the current from the DC current source. Since we are assuming that the incremental resistance of the diode is infinite at the initial bias point, all of the current due to the trigger signal flows into and out of the diode's capacitance. If enough charge is added, the instantaneous voltage across the diode will be in the second region, where the slope of the VCCS function is negative.

Once the diode enters the second region, increases in diode voltage cause decreases in diode current. Applying Kirchhoff's current law at the node where the diode meets the DC current source, we can see that the current entering the parasitic capacitor at any instant is the difference between the DC current source and the nonlinear VCCS current at the this instantaneous voltage. We can use this fact to estimate the switching time of the tunnel diode. (The shape of the transition can also be estimated.)

As an example, let's take the case of a tunnel diode with 10 mA peak current and 5 pF capacitance. A first-order estimate of the switching time can be made by assuming that to make the transition from V1 to V2, a certain amount of charge needs to be added to the parasitic capacitance of the diode.

From Q = C * V, we know that ∆ Q = C * ∆ V, which is ∆ Q = C * (V2 - V1)
With V1 = 65 mV and V2 = 465 mV, ∆ Q = 5 * 10-12 F * 0.4 V = 2 picocoulombs.

Now we bravely assume that the charging current during the transition is constant, and is half of the peak current. 5 mA is 5 millicoulombs per second.

t = (2 * 10-12 C) / (5 * 10-3 A) = 0.4 ns

Tunnel Diodes Used in Tektronix Instruments

Reading

Textbooks and references

Documents Referencing Tunnel diodes

Document Class Title Authors Year Links
GenRad Experimenter V.34 No.7-8, July-Aug 1960.pdf Article Measurements of the Equivalent-Circuit Parameters of Tunnel Diodes 1960 Tunnel diodes
GenRad Experimenter V.34 No.7-8, July-Aug 1960.pdf Article The Use of the General Radio Immittance Bridge in Tunnel-Diode Measurements E.Adler • R.C.Wonson 1960 Tunnel diodes
Sylvester P. Gentile, Basic Theory and Application of Tunnel Diodes, 1962.pdf Book Basic Theory and Application of Tunnel Diodes Sylvester P. Gentile 1962 Tunnel diodes
Rufus P. Turner, Diode Circuits Handbook, 1963.pdf Book Diode Circuits Handbook Rufus P. Turner 1963 Tunnel diodes
R.V.L'Archeveque, High Speed Quantization of Voltage Signals, (PhD Thesis), 1964.pdf Book High Speed Quantization of Voltage Signals (PhD Thesis) R.V.L'Archeveque 1964 Tunnel diodes
Millman taub chapters 12 and 13.pdf Book Pulse, Digital, and Switching Waveforms: Devices and Circuits for Their Generation and Processing Herbert Taub • Jacob Millman 1965 Tunnel diodes
Service Scope 38 Jun 1966.pdf Article Tunnel Diode Switching Circuits and the Back Diode 1966 Tunnel diodes
Service Scope 39 Aug 1966.pdf Article Tunnel Diode Switching Circuits and the Back Diode, Part II 1966 Tunnel diodes
Service Scope 49 Apr 1968.pdf Article Quick Check for Tunnel Diodes Tony Bryan 1968 Tunnel diodes • 454
062-1009-00.pdf Book Measurement Concepts: Semiconductor Device Measurements John Mulvey 1969 Curve tracers • Tunnel diodes
Andrews improved td pulse bias.pdf Article Improved Bias Supply for Tunnel-Diode Picosecond Pulse Generators James R. Andrews 1970 Tunnel diodes
Tekscope 1970 V2 N2 Apr 1970.pdf Article Troubleshooting Sampling Systems Charles Phillips 1970 Sampling • Tunnel diodes
Tekscope 1970 V2 N3 Jun 1970.pdf Article Troubleshooting Sampling Systems, Part 2 Charles Phillips 1970 Tunnel diodes
Tekscope 1972 V4 N4 Jul 1972.pdf Article Tunnel Diodes: In-Circuit Testing Using the 7D13 Digital Multimeter Plug-In 1972 Tunnel diodes • 7D13
Andrews directional-coupler td trig.pdf Article Directional-Coupler Technique for Triggering a Tunnel Diode James R. Andrews 1975 Tunnel diodes
Andrews nahman flat pulse gen.pdf Article Reference Waveform Flat Pulse Generator James R. Andrews • Barry A. Bell • Norris S. Nahman • Eugene E. Baldwin 1983 Tunnel diodes
Tektronix Curve Tracers - Device Testing Techniques.pdf Book Tektronix Curve Tracers - Device Testing Techniques 1985 Curve tracers • Tunnel diodes

Cross-reference

General Electric

RCA

Other Manufacturers

Images

  • Testing a tunnel diode on a 575

    Testing a tunnel diode on a 575

  • Testing a tunnel diode with an audio oscillator and a 7D20 in X-Y mode

    Testing a tunnel diode with an audio oscillator and a 7D20 in X-Y mode

  • Tunnel diode quick check method, from Service Scope 49, April 1968

    Tunnel diode quick check method, from Service Scope 49, April 1968

  • Tunnel diode quick check example using the method from Service Scope 49, April 1968. Right beam is zoomed with delayed timebase to show step speed.

    Tunnel diode quick check example using the method from Service Scope 49, April 1968. Right beam is zoomed with delayed timebase to show step speed.

  • Tektronix 571 curve tracer I-V run of a 10 mA germanium tunnel diode

    Tektronix 571 curve tracer I-V run of a 10 mA germanium tunnel diode

  • TD 253 Tunnel Diode from a Tek 547

    TD 253 Tunnel Diode from a Tek 547

  • Tunnel Diodes TD253 and TD3A in a Tek 547 Trigger and Sweep Section)

    Tunnel Diodes TD253 and TD3A in a Tek 547 Trigger and Sweep Section)

  • 1D2 Tunnel Diode (2.2 mA) in a Tek 547 Delay Pickoff

    1D2 Tunnel Diode (2.2 mA) in a Tek 547 Delay Pickoff

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