4052

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The Tektronix 4052 is a graphics-capable desktop microcomputer produced by Tektronix in the late 1970s through the early 1980s. The display technology is similar to the Tektronix 4010 terminal, using a vector-driven direct-view storage CRT display (like an analog storage scope) to avoid the need for video RAM. The 4052 is an all-in-one design, with the display, keyboard, CPU and DC300 quarter-inch cartridge tape drive in a single desktop case, and includes a GPIB interface. A simple operating system and BASIC interpreter is included in ROM.

The storage tube display allows the screen to retain images drawn to it, eliminating the need for frame-buffer memory. This allows the resolution to be as high as the hardware can handle, which is 1024 by 1024 logically (i.e. DAC resolution) but limited by the physical layout of the screen to 1024 by 780. It also allows the machine to dedicate all of its memory to the programs running on it (as opposed to partitioning off a section for the buffer), an important consideration at the time when memory was expensive and scarce.

Released in 1978, the 4052 came with a full 32 kB of RAM for $9,795 ($46,100 in 2023 dollars) and could be expanded to 64 kB for another $1,995 (2023: $9,400) for a total cost of $11,790 (2023: $55,500).

The 4054 is a version of the 4052 built around the 19" screen from the 4014 terminal rather than the 11" screen from the 4012, increasing display resolution to 4,096 by 3,072. The 4052 and 4054 can display a limited amount of refreshed graphics. This is done by lowering the beam current of the writing gun so it does not trigger the threshold for stored display. The 4054 also had an Option 30 to display an extensive amount of refreshed graphics that used a Signetics 8X300, an early RISC-like microprocessor. There was also an Option 31 CRT with a special multi-layer phosphor to display the refreshed graphics in orange, against the stored graphics in green. The Option 30 was originally what was known at Tek as a "G-job", an unofficial project by Steve Rintala, which was eventually approved by management.

In early 1980s, Tektronix introduced the 4052A and 4054A facelift models, changing from ROMs with patch ROMs to EPROMs for the firmware, and replacing the discrete GPIB software implementation with a TMS9914 GPIB controller for higher GPIB performance.

Architecture

Unlike the 4051, which is based on an 8-bit Motorola 6800 CPU, the 4052 CPU is based on four Am2901 4-bit bit-slice processors used together to make a single 16-bit processor. The processor is microcoded to emulate a 6800 so it can run the 4051 firmware, written in 6800 assembler, with minimal changes. The original goal of the project was to run 8 times faster than the 4051. This was to be achieved by three "factors of 2": First, the processor clock is 2 MHz, compared to the 1 MHz of the 4051 (the 2 MHz was set by the speed of the EPROMs initially used to hold the microcode). Second, the memory is 16 bits wide instead of 8, so two bytes can be accessed in a cycle, theoretically doubling the memory access speed. Finally, the data and code address spaces are separate (Harvard architecture) so program fetch of the next instruction can in principle be overlapped with processing data from the previous instruction.

However, the 4051 firmware was written for the 8-bit 6800 processor so the 16-bit memory access is rarely of any benefit. The overlapping of instruction and data fetch was complicated to implement and was abandoned for the first version of the product. The result was a system with between 2 and 3 times the performance of the 4051.

Early in the project, it was proposed that the 6800-assembler-coded implementation of 48-bit floating-point arithmetic used in the 4051 firmware be implemented in microcode. However, Tek management vetoed the idea until it became obvious that the performance goals would not be met without it. So, late in the project, the floating-point operations were implemented in microcode by adding new opcodes in gaps in the 6800 opcode map, and the firmware was rewritten to use the new opcodes instead of calling the floating-point subroutines. The result was about a 30-times improvement in speed over the 4051. This was because graphics operations are floating-point intensive − every move or draw requires two multiplies and two adds to convert from the user's coordinate space to screen coordinates. Other numeric-intensive operations such as matrix calculations benefited as well.

See Also

  • 4050E01 ROM extender
  • 4907 "File Manager" floppy disk drive (GPIB)
  • 4924 Cartridge tape drive (GPIB)
  • 4052F10 RS 232 Printer interface ROM cartridge
  • 020-0614-00 Tape enhancement ROM cartridge

Links

Documents Referencing 4052

Document Class Title Authors Year Links
Tekscope 1979 V11 N3.pdf Article Merging High Performance Alphanumerics and Graphics with Fast Computation Dave Barnard 1979
AX-4425.pdf Application Note WP1310 Signal Processing System 1980
Tektronix 4909 Hard Disk System Tekniques V5 N4.pdf Article 4050 Users Share Data Storage and Retrieval in New Tektronix Hard Disk Chuck Smith Dave Watts 1981
Tekscope 1981 V13 N2.pdf Article Software Innovations Increase Productivity of Desktop Computer Users Bruce Rodgers 1981
Tekniques vol.6 no.1.pdf Article 4050 Controls New Generation of Programmable Instruments for Measurement Automation 1982
Tekniques vol.6 no.1.pdf Article 4052 Helps Interpret Seismic Waveforms Patricia Kelley 1982
Tekniques vol.6 no.1.pdf Article 4052 GPIB Programming Guide Now Available Dale Aufrecht 1982

Documents Referencing 4054

Document Class Title Authors Year Links
Tekscope 1981 V13 N2.pdf Article Software Innovations Increase Productivity of Desktop Computer Users Bruce Rodgers 1981

Software


Components

Some Parts Used in the 4052

Part Part Number(s) Class Description Used in
155-0152-01 155-0152-01 Monolithic integrated circuit geometry and focus correction 4006 4014 4052 4052A 4054 4054A
155-0154-00 155-0154-00 Monolithic integrated circuit display multiplexer 4006 4052 4052A 4054 4054A
Am2901 Monolithic integrated circuit 4-bit CPU slice 4052 7912AD
Motorola 6821 156-0427-03 156-1205-00 Monolithic integrated circuit "Peripheral Interface Adapter (PIA)" 067-1137-99 4052 4052A 4054 4054A Keithley 191 7250 7A16P 7A29P 7B90P CG551AP CG5001 CG5010 CG5011
Signetics 82S107 Monolithic integrated circuit field-programmable logic array 4052 7854 FG5010


Some Parts Used in the 4052A

Part Part Number(s) Class Description Used in
155-0152-01 155-0152-01 Monolithic integrated circuit geometry and focus correction 4006 4014 4052 4052A 4054 4054A
155-0154-00 155-0154-00 Monolithic integrated circuit display multiplexer 4006 4052 4052A 4054 4054A
Motorola 6821 156-0427-03 156-1205-00 Monolithic integrated circuit "Peripheral Interface Adapter (PIA)" 067-1137-99 4052 4052A 4054 4054A Keithley 191 7250 7A16P 7A29P 7B90P CG551AP CG5001 CG5010 CG5011
TMS9914 156-1444-00 156-1444-01 Monolithic integrated circuit GPIB controller 11301 11301A 11302 11302A 2221 2230 2424L 2440 4052A 4054A 021-0374-00 067-1137-99 AM700 DC5009 DC5010 DM5010 DM5110 DM5120 DM5520 FG5010 MI5010 SG5010 SG5030 SI5010 PS5004 PS5010 Keithley 182 Keithley 193A Keithley 195 Keithley 195A Keithley 196 Keithley 197 Keithley 199 Keithley 220 Keithley 224 Keithley 230 Keithley 263 Keithley 617


Some Parts Used in the 4054

Part Part Number(s) Class Description Used in
154-0785-00 154-0785-00 154-0785-01 154-0785-02 154-0785-03 154-0785-52 CRT 19" direct-view storage CRT GMA102A 4054 4054A 4114 4114A 4114A30 4114B 4116A 4116B 618
155-0152-01 155-0152-01 Monolithic integrated circuit geometry and focus correction 4006 4014 4052 4052A 4054 4054A
155-0154-00 155-0154-00 Monolithic integrated circuit display multiplexer 4006 4052 4052A 4054 4054A
Motorola 6821 156-0427-03 156-1205-00 Monolithic integrated circuit "Peripheral Interface Adapter (PIA)" 067-1137-99 4052 4052A 4054 4054A Keithley 191 7250 7A16P 7A29P 7B90P CG551AP CG5001 CG5010 CG5011
STD962 152-0169-00 Discrete component 1 mA, 10 pF tunnel diode L140 Pentrix L20 Pentrix L30 067-0518-00 067-0594-00 1L60 1S2 1503 3B5 3T7 4054 4054A 4902 5S14N 7S14 7T11


Some Parts Used in the 4054A

Part Part Number(s) Class Description Used in
154-0785-00 154-0785-00 154-0785-01 154-0785-02 154-0785-03 154-0785-52 CRT 19" direct-view storage CRT GMA102A 4054 4054A 4114 4114A 4114A30 4114B 4116A 4116B 618
155-0152-01 155-0152-01 Monolithic integrated circuit geometry and focus correction 4006 4014 4052 4052A 4054 4054A
155-0154-00 155-0154-00 Monolithic integrated circuit display multiplexer 4006 4052 4052A 4054 4054A
Motorola 6821 156-0427-03 156-1205-00 Monolithic integrated circuit "Peripheral Interface Adapter (PIA)" 067-1137-99 4052 4052A 4054 4054A Keithley 191 7250 7A16P 7A29P 7B90P CG551AP CG5001 CG5010 CG5011
STD962 152-0169-00 Discrete component 1 mA, 10 pF tunnel diode L140 Pentrix L20 Pentrix L30 067-0518-00 067-0594-00 1L60 1S2 1503 3B5 3T7 4054 4054A 4902 5S14N 7S14 7T11
TMS9914 156-1444-00 156-1444-01 Monolithic integrated circuit GPIB controller 11301 11301A 11302 11302A 2221 2230 2424L 2440 4052A 4054A 021-0374-00 067-1137-99 AM700 DC5009 DC5010 DM5010 DM5110 DM5120 DM5520 FG5010 MI5010 SG5010 SG5030 SI5010 PS5004 PS5010 Keithley 182 Keithley 193A Keithley 195 Keithley 195A Keithley 196 Keithley 197 Keithley 199 Keithley 220 Keithley 224 Keithley 230 Keithley 263 Keithley 617


Pictures